Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. UTIs are one of the most common urological conditions and can affect people of all ages, though they are more frequently seen in women. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

Causes & Risk Factors

UTIs typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply. Common causes and risk factors include:

• Poor personal hygiene or improper wiping habits
• Urinary obstruction such as kidney stones or enlarged prostate
• Use of urinary catheters
• Diabetes or weakened immune system
• Sexual activity and hormonal changes

Symptoms

• Burning sensation or pain during urination
• Frequent and urgent need to urinate
• Cloudy, foul-smelling, or blood-tinged urine
• Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
• Fever or back pain in severe infections

Diagnosis & Treatment

Diagnosis of a urinary tract infection is usually confirmed through urine examination and culture tests. Treatment involves appropriate antibiotic therapy based on the type of bacteria involved, along with increased fluid intake and symptom management. Early treatment helps prevent spread of infection to the kidneys.

Prevention & Care

Preventive measures include maintaining good hygiene, drinking adequate water, emptying the bladder regularly, avoiding unnecessary catheter use, and managing underlying medical conditions. Recurrent UTIs should be evaluated by a urology specialist for long-term care.